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Original Article
Online Published: 09 Aug 2024
 


Prevalence of Bleeding Esophageal Varices among patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Calabar, South-South Nigeria

Mbang Kooffreh-ada, Uchenna Catherine Okonkwo, Evaristus Sunday Chukwuudike, Ogbu Ewezu Ngim, Asa Itam-eyo, Benedicta Ayah Eko, Esther Itameti Effiong, Rowland Ndoma-egba.


Abstract
Introduction:
Bleeding from esophageal varices (EV) is an important complication of portal hypertension and a major cause of death in patients with chronic liver disease. In Nigeria, hepatitis B and C viral infection and alcohol are the leading causes of portal hypertension and EV arising from liver cirrhosis. The study aimed to present data on bleeding EV during esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in Calabar, Cross River State (CRS).

Methodology:
This was a descriptive retrospective study of patients with bleeding EV who had EGD performed at two health facilities in Calabar, CRS, from November 2012 to May 2024. Patients’ demographics and endoscopy findings were obtained from the endoscopy registers, entered into a spreadsheet, and analyzed statistically using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 software. Continuous variables were summarized using means ± standard deviation, whereas frequencies and percentages were used for categorical variables.

Results:
A total of 165 patients who presented with upper gastrointestinal bleeding had EGD performed during the study period. Fifty-five (33.3%) of these patients had EV. The age range of patients with bleeding EV was 24-78 years, with a mean age of 45.1 years (SD ± 14.6) and a male: female ratio of 5.9:1. All the patients with bleeding esophageal varices had background chronic liver disease.

Conclusion:
Bleeding esophageal varices are a significant cause of upper GI bleeding in our study population, especially among those with chronic liver disease.

Key words: Calabar, Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, Esophageal Varices , Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Kooffreh-ada M, Okonkwo UC, Chukwuudike ES, Ngim OE, Itam-eyo A, Eko BA, Effiong EI, Ndoma-egba R. Prevalence of Bleeding Esophageal Varices among patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Calabar, South-South Nigeria. crjmed. 2024; 3(1): 56-63. doi:10.5455/CRJMED.210045

Web Style

Kooffreh-ada M, Okonkwo UC, Chukwuudike ES, Ngim OE, Itam-eyo A, Eko BA, Effiong EI, Ndoma-egba R. Prevalence of Bleeding Esophageal Varices among patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Calabar, South-South Nigeria. https://www.crjmed.com/?mno=210045 [Access: February 26, 2025]. doi:10.5455/CRJMED.210045

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Kooffreh-ada M, Okonkwo UC, Chukwuudike ES, Ngim OE, Itam-eyo A, Eko BA, Effiong EI, Ndoma-egba R. Prevalence of Bleeding Esophageal Varices among patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Calabar, South-South Nigeria. crjmed. 2024; 3(1): 56-63. doi:10.5455/CRJMED.210045


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Kooffreh-ada M, Okonkwo UC, Chukwuudike ES, Ngim OE, Itam-eyo A, Eko BA, Effiong EI, Ndoma-egba R. Prevalence of Bleeding Esophageal Varices among patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Calabar, South-South Nigeria. crjmed. (2024), [cited February 26, 2025]; 3(1): 56-63. doi:10.5455/CRJMED.210045


Harvard Style

Kooffreh-ada, M., Okonkwo, . U. C., Chukwuudike, . E. S., Ngim, . O. E., Itam-eyo, . A., Eko, . B. A., Effiong, . E. I. & Ndoma-egba, . R. (2024) Prevalence of Bleeding Esophageal Varices among patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Calabar, South-South Nigeria. crjmed, 3 (1), 56-63. doi:10.5455/CRJMED.210045


Turabian Style

Kooffreh-ada, Mbang, Uchenna Catherine Okonkwo, Evaristus Sunday Chukwuudike, Ogbu Ewezu Ngim, Asa Itam-eyo, Benedicta Ayah Eko, Esther Itameti Effiong, and Rowland Ndoma-egba. 2024. Prevalence of Bleeding Esophageal Varices among patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Calabar, South-South Nigeria. Cross River Journal of Medicine, 3 (1), 56-63. doi:10.5455/CRJMED.210045


Chicago Style

Kooffreh-ada, Mbang, Uchenna Catherine Okonkwo, Evaristus Sunday Chukwuudike, Ogbu Ewezu Ngim, Asa Itam-eyo, Benedicta Ayah Eko, Esther Itameti Effiong, and Rowland Ndoma-egba. "Prevalence of Bleeding Esophageal Varices among patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Calabar, South-South Nigeria." Cross River Journal of Medicine 3 (2024), 56-63. doi:10.5455/CRJMED.210045


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Kooffreh-ada, Mbang, Uchenna Catherine Okonkwo, Evaristus Sunday Chukwuudike, Ogbu Ewezu Ngim, Asa Itam-eyo, Benedicta Ayah Eko, Esther Itameti Effiong, and Rowland Ndoma-egba. "Prevalence of Bleeding Esophageal Varices among patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Calabar, South-South Nigeria." Cross River Journal of Medicine 3.1 (2024), 56-63. Print. doi:10.5455/CRJMED.210045


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Kooffreh-ada, M., Okonkwo, . U. C., Chukwuudike, . E. S., Ngim, . O. E., Itam-eyo, . A., Eko, . B. A., Effiong, . E. I. & Ndoma-egba, . R. (2024) Prevalence of Bleeding Esophageal Varices among patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Calabar, South-South Nigeria. Cross River Journal of Medicine, 3 (1), 56-63. doi:10.5455/CRJMED.210045


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